The party system in Indian politics: local self-government in urban and rural areas; the 73rd and 74th amendments

The party system in Indian politics: local self-government in urban and rural areas; the 73^rd and 74^th amendments

Introduction

The political system in India is distinguished by the presence of multiple parties competing for power, coalition governments, and the major role that regional parties play. Panchayats and Municipalities were granted constitutional standing as a result of the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments, which strengthened grassroots democracy in India. These amendments also established the foundation for local self-government in both urban and rural areas.

Party System in Indian Politics

1. Multiparty system: India has six national parties, over 50 state parties, and thousands of registered but unrecognized parties, making it one of the world’s largest and most diverse party systems.
2. National parties: These include BJP, INC, CPI(M), BSP, AAP, and NPP, which compete across the country but often rely on alliances with regional parties to form governments.
3. Regional parties: Their rise since the 1980s has contributed to federalism, coalition politics, and regional representation in both Parliament and state assemblies.
4. Coalition governments and federal character: Due to the fractured mandate, governments are frequently formed through alliances—showcasing the federal character and the importance of regional aspirations.

Local Self-Government: Urban and Rural Areas

Rural: Panchayati Raj (73rd Amendment)

• The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992 gave constitutional status to Panchayats, establishing a three-tier system—Gram Panchayat (village), Panchayat Samiti (block), Zilla Parishad (district).
• It mandates regular elections, reservation for SC/ST and women, State Finance Commissions, and empowers Panchayats for planning and implementation.
• Rural governance thus became more democratic, participatory, and accountable through these institutions.

Urban: Urban Local Bodies (74th Amendment)

• The 74th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992 conferred constitutional status on Municipalities, classified as Nagar Panchayats (transitional areas), Municipal Councils (smaller towns), and Municipal Corporations (large cities).
• It provides for elected bodies, urban planning authority, reservation for weaker sections and women, regular elections, and creation of State Election and Finance Commissions.
• Urban local governance is strengthened in planning, infrastructure, and citizen engagement, increasing transparency and accountability.

Impact of 73rd and 74th Amendments

• Deepened grassroots democracy by empowering elected bodies at the local level.
• Enhanced representation and reservation for socially marginalized groups and women.
• Improved planning and accountability through decentralized institutions.

The Indian party system and the amendments for local self-government together anchor India’s democracy, ensuring representation and power-sharing across a vast and diverse society.